Welcome to Mrs. Hunter, your one-stop-shop for high-quality handmade full body leather harnesses and BDSM gear for women. Explore our wide range of products, meticulously …BDSM: [abbreviation or noun] sexual activity involving such practices as the use of physical restraints, the granting and relinquishing of control, and the infliction of pain.bondage noun volume_up US /ˈbɑndɪdʒ/ • volume_up UK /ˈbɒndɪdʒ/ (uncountable) 1. (enslavement) (literary) cautiverio (masculine) (literary) esclavitud (feminine) a people in bondage un pueblo sometido we are in bondage to our past somos esclavos del pasado Monolingual examples He noted that it was significant that after four centuries of …Jul 24, 2021 · Her bondage was equally merciless to the gag, thin black ropes had been tightly wrapped around her. Her arms were tied behind her back with numerous winds of rope at her wrists, forearms, and above and below her elbows. Duct tape had been generously wrapped over her hands, reducing them to useless silver balls. Sexual masochism disorder is a paraphilic disorder, which involves recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that are distressing or disabling and have the potential to ...BDSM is an umbrella term for sex acts that fall under the categories of Bondage/Discipline, Domination/Submission, and Sadism/Masochism. ... Because "adult nudity and sexual activity" goes against ...In the case of FANTOM the story is basic and has a beginning very much in the line of a regular horror film, a young woman falls sleep while reading a book. Suddenly, a masked man appears in her room, strangles her until she looses consciousness. The young woman wakes up tied up in a room. What happens next is a nightmare of prolonged …Apr 19, 2024 · The Hustlers cast, which also includes Jennifer Lopez, Julia Stiles, Keke Palmer, Lili Reinhart, Lizzo, and Cardi B, has its fair share of topless dancers in a crowded and rowdy strip club, male ... For over a century, people who engaged in bondage, beatings, and humiliation for sexual pleasure were considered mentally ill. But in the 1980s, the American Psychiatric Association removed S & M as a category in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This decision--like the decision to remove homosexuality as …Luckily, some simple techniques can change that. “Form a ‘V’ with your index and middle fingers, and point your fingers toward your feet,” Jaiya says. “Press this ‘V’ onto the mons ...Typically concerned with the restraint and struggle of the bound partner; the rope is typically a means to an end for other activities. Strappado/armbinders are common, as are gags and bondage to furniture; suspension is rare. Typically uses synthetic (nylon) or cotton ropes, often 6-8 mm diameter or more. This style may use folded ropes, but ...Luke 10:30-37 ESV / 3 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. Jesus replied, “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who stripped him and beat him and departed, leaving him half dead. Now by chance a priest was going down that road, and when he saw him he passed by on the other side.Traditionally, a cuck is a man who enjoys, often for submissive and erotic humiliation reasons, watching another man have sex with his wife. In a cuckolding scene, the other man invited to have ...Aug 21, 2023 · The Lounging Lioness. If you can steal a private moment on the deck chair, the Lounging Lioness is a super-hot position to try. The receiving partner lies on top with their legs closed, providing ... Sexual masochism disorder (SMD) has been reported in a percentage ranging from 1 to 5% of the US and Australian general population . ... Asphyxiophilia can be often accompanied with other paraphilias such as bondage and transvestism and a great range of paraphernalia (props and devices involved in paraphilia sexual activities), …Handcuffs for sex play come in a variety of styles, from pairs similar to those used by the police to cuffs that are padded and fur-lined designed for greater comfort.. It’s a better option to start out using softer, more comfortable cuffs when the person being restrained is New to Bondage, whether that person is You or Your Partner. You can advance to more …My female domination sessions are currently held in my private, well equipped play space conveniently located in Shropshire, West Midlands. More information on my play space and the equipment that is housed within can be found here . I pride myself on both quality of sessions and authenticity so will only session with a very limited number of submissives …Studies of videocassettes indicated bondage was infrequent, present in 2% to 3% [36,40,43] of VHS sex scenes, or 38% of sexually aggressive scenes . Cowan et al [ 36 ] also found that only 4 out of 14 bondage scenes depicted a bound man (29%); noting that when men were bound, the tone was typically playful and reciprocal, whereas when …Deliverance from Bondage - Therefore there is now no condemnation at all for those who are in Christ Jesus. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and of death. For what the Law could not do, weak as it was through the flesh, God did: sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and as an offering for sin, He …Autoerotic Asphyxiation (AKA Sexual Asphyxia) This is a form of masturbation whereby the person masturbating chokes themselves with a device such as a belt or a leash. This is enjoyed by both men and women or and across sexualities. This is very similar to the choking form of breath play but is a way to achieve this on your own …Such sex restraints are often employed in bondage sex play, kinkster play, and BDMS. Sex restraints are the acts by which a dominating role player prohibits a submissive or …Whether you want to spice up your sex life, explore new sensations, or enhance your intimacy, sex toys can be a great addition to your relationship. In this article, you will find 41 of the best ...A classic D/s bondage scene: The Dom acts as a master over the submissive. This usually entails punishment, sensory play, etc. Think: 50 Shades of Gray, but not shit. A caretaking scene: The Dom ...Got it. Netflix's new reality show Too Hot To Handle is all about abstaining from sex so, naturally, the producers invited a bondage expert to the island to spice things up. In episode 3 of the ...Discipline (BDSM) Disciplining in BDSM may involve giving punishment when rules are broken, such as by beating ( top left ), bondage of submissive in an uncomfortable position for long time ( top right ), or a combination of both, as in the example where the man is bound and being flogged ( bottom ). Discipline in BDSM is the practice in which ...Rule No. 2 of bondage: No smiling! Happy-go-lucky John has a great smile, but it's not right in this scenario. "Christian Grey doesn't smile as he spanks. I need you to put your best fuck-face on ...BDSM is one big umbrella that includes a spectrum of sex acts, such as spanking using spanking paddle, age play, and impact play. Similarly, rope play is one common type of sex act seated under the roof of BDSM culture. Rope bondage also termed rope play is a type of BDSM role act that involves the use of rope to restrict your …Traditionally, a cuck is a man who enjoys, often for submissive and erotic humiliation reasons, watching another man have sex with his wife. In a cuckolding scene, the other man invited to have ...Shibari, a form of bondage, is a beginner-friendly kink that allows you to explore your creativity and attitude with minimal risk and a low budget. In this guide, we’ll cover the essentials of Shibari for beginners, helping you embark on this exciting journey. Ropes. Ropes are central to the art of Shibari. While natural fiber ropes like jute are commonly …February 4, 2020. Illustration by Cécile Dormeau. The world of BDSM contains not only its own sex acts (Is smelling a foot sex? Sure, if it gets you off!), but its own highly-robust …Aug 8, 2022 · Read more: Best Sex Pillows Sex Blankets. A sex blanket is a blanket you use for masturbation or partner play to keep your sheets and other surfaces clean and dry, SELF previously reported. You ... Krueger concurs. “Generally speaking, a typical case may be somebody happens upon an object by accident or through exposure to leather, or dolls, or part of a human that’s nonsexual, such as a ...Bondage Wrist & Thigh Cuffs BDSM Restraints Set, Sex Toys for Women with Adjustable Leg Straps Handcuffs for Couple Beginner SM Game Play ... CHENGXIYI Sex Toys Ankle Cuffs Bed Restraints Sexual Bondage Positions Support Slings and BDSM Restraint Kits Wrist Thighs Leg Restraint Systems Hand Sex Games with Eye Patches. 3.0 out of 5 … Search from thousands of royalty-free Tied Woman stock images and video for your next project. Download royalty-free stock photos, vectors, HD footage and more on Adobe Stock. Aug 21. Written By JonGunnar Gylfason. Spreader bars are a unique and elegant tool in the world of bondage and BDSM, designed to restrict movement and create a heightened sense of vulnerability. These bars, often accompanied by cuffs or restraints, are used to keep a person's arms or legs apart, limiting their ability to close or move them.1. Ongoing spiritual growth and development: Spiritual growth is a lifelong journey. Keep learning, exploring, and expanding your horizons by reading, attending workshops, or engaging in online courses. Stay curious and open to new ideas and perspectives that can help you evolve and deepen your spiritual practice. 2.Mar 17, 2023 · The Best Full-Body Bondage Set: Sportsheets Under-The-Bed Restraints System, $70. The Best Bondage Rope: Blush Temptasia Bondage Rope, $26. The Best Ball Gag: Pipedream Fetish Fantasy Ball Gag ... Collections With a focus on comfort, quality construction, and elegance, we make our restraints to loyally serve and please you for years to come. We continuously study and work with European designers to create bondage gear that provides style and functionality to couples that are beginners or seasoned veterans with the BDSM lifestyle. All Lulexy …8 Sex Positive Short Films That Exude Sensuality, Kink, and Body Positivity. As mainstream Hollywood lags behind in meaningful explorations of sexuality, these provocative short films embrace the ...The acronym stands for bondage and discipline, domination and submission, sadism and masochism. Sometimes, BDSM can be completely non-sexual, with mental acts being more of a turn-on than physical ...Release date: November 1, 2015. Starring: Joslyn Jensen, Ryan Metcalf, Paul Helou, Matthew Rosenberg, Kevin Breznahan, Margot Bingham, Okwui Okpokwasili, and John Rothman The sexy story: A college ...Sadism and masochism, known collectively as sadomasochism, (/ ˌ s eɪ d oʊ ˈ m æ s ə k ɪ z əm / SAY-doh-MASS-ə-kiz-əm) are the derivation of pleasure from acts of respectively inflicting or receiving pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual pleasure from their acts. While the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one …r/BoundAndHelpless: Bound and Helpless - Your new resource for the best images and videos of women being Bound and Helpless ;)Luckily, some simple techniques can change that. “Form a ‘V’ with your index and middle fingers, and point your fingers toward your feet,” Jaiya says. “Press this ‘V’ onto the mons ... Bind your partner’s wrists and ankles separately, then tie them together with another rope. Leave some slack along their back so they're comfortable. Use rope that’s at least 5-7 mm (0.2-0.3 in) thick. Tie the rope firmly, but leave enough slack to slide 2 fingers between the rope and your partner’s skin. Autoerotic Asphyxiation (AKA Sexual Asphyxia) This is a form of masturbation whereby the person masturbating chokes themselves with a device such as a belt or a leash. This is enjoyed by both men and women or and across sexualities. This is very similar to the choking form of breath play but is a way to achieve this on your own … riding the wooden horse train yuri bondage sex 3d mmd 2 min pornhub . christy love naked rope bondage arm binder diamond tie shibari christy love 14 min pornhub . Explore GIFs. GIPHY is the platform that animates your world. Find the GIFs, Clips, and Stickers that make your conversations more positive, more expressive, and more you.Aug 21, 2023 · The Lounging Lioness. If you can steal a private moment on the deck chair, the Lounging Lioness is a super-hot position to try. The receiving partner lies on top with their legs closed, providing ... Feb 10, 2017 · W hile 50 Shades of Grey has brought BDSM into the mainstream, many couples regularly practice the lifestyle, which refers to sex practices including domination, bondage and sadomasochism. But is ... Jesus replied, “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who stripped him and beat him and departed, leaving him half dead. Now by chance a priest was going down that road, and when he saw him he passed by on the other side. So likewise a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. How BDSM can help you heal from sexual trauma. Roleplay, bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism could have a range of lesser-known mental health benefits.Apr 5, 2019 · Introduction. BDSM, previously known as sadomasochism (or SM), is an overarching abbreviation of bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and masochism and refers to a physical, psychological, and sexual role-play involving power exchange between consensual participants.1, 2, 3 Historically, these practices and interests have been pathologized (for review, see reference 4 ... Here are 40 BDSM punishment ideas to try out: 1.Edging or orgasm denial. 2.Chastity device for a set time. 3.Revoke TV/phone privileges. 4.Household chores with kegel balls/butt plug. 5.Naked chores. 6.Errands without underwear or with a pantie vibrator. 7.Cold shower. 8.Restraint and tickling.Welcome to Mrs. Hunter, your one-stop-shop for high-quality handmade full body leather harnesses and BDSM gear for women. Explore our wide range of products, meticulously …Solo Tongue Quiet Clit Oral Fun Magic Wand Massager. $39.99. Pure Torture Nipple Clamps Clit. $24.99. Vibrating Nipple Clamps Non-Piercing Nipple Ring. $25.99. Suck, squeeze, shock and tease. Your nipples are fountains of pleasure just waiting to be tapped. Experience everything they have to offer with Lovegasm’s huge selection of nipple toys.This verse emphasizes the transformative power of God’s grace in breaking the bondage of sin in our lives. Psalm 146:7: “He upholds the cause of the oppressed and gives food to the hungry. The Lord sets prisoners free.”. Explanation: The Lord is the ultimate champion of the oppressed and those held captive.Introduction. BDSM, previously known as sadomasochism (or SM), is an overarching abbreviation of bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and masochism and refers to a physical, psychological, and sexual role-play involving power exchange between consensual participants. 1–3 Historically, these …Zoë Ligon is a sex educator, writer, artist, and the owner of the sex-positive online toy store Spectrum Boutique, which is based out of Detroit. She loves psychological thrillers, saunas, weed ...Sexual Spanking is a part of BDSM Play where the partners, the Submissive and the Dom, consensually engage in Hitting or Slapping different body parts (mostly butts), to experience pleasure caused by the pain. The extent, mode, and intensity of Sexual Spanking may vary from couple to couple. In the sense that, it doesn’t have to …In bondage, discipline, and sado-masochism (BDSM), dominant players (doms, tops) may inflict pain—in kink parlance, “intense sensation”—on submissive participants (subs, …Sexual masochism disorder is a paraphilic disorder, which involves recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that are distressing or disabling and have the potential to ...Studies of videocassettes indicated bondage was infrequent, present in 2% to 3% [36,40,43] of VHS sex scenes, or 38% of sexually aggressive scenes . Cowan et al [ 36 ] also found that only 4 out of 14 bondage scenes depicted a bound man (29%); noting that when men were bound, the tone was typically playful and reciprocal, whereas when … Bondage sex is a consensual activity that involves using physical restraints to restrict a partner’s freedom of movement. It is a perfectly healthy and respectful form of sexual activity, which ... Research suggests that a substantial minority of women and men fantasize about or engage in BDSM. BDSM activities may involve physical restriction, administration of pain, and sexual behavior ...First look – Top 10 Fetish Cam Models: Maddy May – Hottest Alternative Fetish Cam Model. Eva Ray – Loves to Talk Dirty. Kit Kendal – Into Anime Kink. Asiri – Jane of All Trades. Eliza ...By the late 20th century, the subculture emerged from underground and used the Internet to meet, greet, and spank. Chat-rooms, pleasure shops, and, later, social networking outlets, brought together like-minded people with greater ease. BDSM - a mash-up acronym for bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and …The apostle Paul writes of his struggle with sin in Romans 7:14–25, speaking of it as “bondage to sin” (Romans 7:14). While your fight against sin is constant and difficult, it is a battle you can win if you humbly rely on the resources the Lord gives you—meditation on Scripture, devotion to prayer, and fellowship in a biblical church. Based on ropes, handcuffs, submission and domination, these sexual games provide a welcome diversity. Let’s explore this diversity with our selection of 60 bondage gif! Between the artistic form of this practice widely considered as art in Japan (Shibari), and the sexual pleasures these practices can provide, it would be a shame not to take a ... Typically concerned with the restraint and struggle of the bound partner; the rope is typically a means to an end for other activities. Strappado/armbinders are common, as are gags and bondage to furniture; suspension is rare. Typically uses synthetic (nylon) or cotton ropes, often 6-8 mm diameter or more. This style may use folded ropes, but ... 1. Ongoing spiritual growth and development: Spiritual growth is a lifelong journey. Keep learning, exploring, and expanding your horizons by reading, attending workshops, or engaging in online courses. Stay curious and open to new ideas and perspectives that can help you evolve and deepen your spiritual practice. 2.Under The Bed Restraint System. $89.00. Turning your bed into a complete restraint system that offers up tons of position possibilities along with some serious fantasy fulfillment, the Under The Bed Restraint System is a must-have for adventurous, bondage-loving couples. Designed to be incredibly user friendly, you can slide the straps under ...Sexual Bondage Restraints Suit,BDSM Bed Bondage Spouse Sex Toy, Couple Sex Games Bondage Gear Kit, Detachable Multifunction Adjustable Restraint Design. 4.6 out of 5 stars. 16. ... Bed Bondage Restraints Sex Adult,BDSM Sex Handcuffs Bed Restraint Straps for Couples, Under King/Queen Bed Sex Bondage Romance Straps for …The best bondage/SM latex and fetish tumblr blog !!! kaneciudadano. ROSEBUD. Ecléctico y Hedonista. kafkasapartment. Kafka's Apartment. The intersections of culture, art, science, and history. boundgaggedlover. Bondage Lover. Pictures of Bondage and other things I enjoy. nudeandchaos. Untitled. Another acting/stunt torture masterpiece by Lora! Her scantily clad lithe body holds up to multiple bondage positions-suspended AOH off the ground by the wrists, stretched horizontal on a rack, and bent over backwards with her back strained while her arms and legs are chained. Featuring work by Thomas Roche, Diana St. John, Sommer Marsden, Shanna Germain, and other erotic masters, the stories grab the listener and leave them begging for more - and bound and determined to turn their own bondage fantasies into tightly-controlled reality. Download and listen to the audiobook version of Pleasure …Sexual slavery and sexual exploitation is an attachment of any ownership right over one or more people with the intent of coercing or otherwise forcing them to engage in sexual activities. ... encompassing single-owner sexual bondage, ritual slavery linked to certain religious practices, such as ritual servitude in some civilizations that inhabit regions in …Taboo/forbidden sex. These fantasies involved voyeurism, exhibitionism, fetishes, and incest. Voyeurism, watching people have sex without their knowledge, was the most …BDSM is a variety of often erotic practices or roleplaying involving bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadomasochism, and other related interpersonal dynamics. Given the wide range of practices, some of which may be engaged in by people who do not consider themselves to be practising BDSM, inclusion in the BDSM community or ...Well, bondage sex refers to a form of sex play that involves consensually tying or restraining a partner in a sex position to give or receive sexual pleasure. It represents the ‘B’ in BDSM ...Shibari, sometimes called Japanese rope bondage or "kinbaku" is a modern form of rope bondage which originated in Japan. The term "shibari" means "tying" and "kinbaku" means "tight binding." The ... Bind your partner’s wrists and ankles separately, then tie them together with another rope. Leave some slack along their back so they're comfortable. Use rope that’s at least 5-7 mm (0.2-0.3 in) thick. Tie the rope firmly, but leave enough slack to slide 2 fingers between the rope and your partner’s skin. According to findings conducted last year, 84% of the 2,381 adults surveyed said they had tried BDSM – aka Bondage, Domination, Sadism, Masochism. The report also found that those who enjoy ... Sadism and masochism, known collectively as sadomasochism, (/ ˌ s eɪ d oʊ ˈ m æ s ə k ɪ z əm / SAY-doh-MASS-ə-kiz-əm) are the derivation of pleasure from acts of respectively inflicting or receiving pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual pleasure from their acts. While the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one …The apostle Paul writes of his struggle with sin in Romans 7:14–25, speaking of it as “bondage to sin” (Romans 7:14). While your fight against sin is constant and difficult, it is a battle you can win if you humbly rely on the resources the Lord gives you—meditation on Scripture, devotion to prayer, and fellowship in a biblical church. Sex Toys BDSM Bondage Restraints - Adult Toys Sex Straps Neck to Wrist Thigh Sex Sling & Ankle Kits with Adjustable, Kinky Bed Restraints Set for SM Games, BDSM Toys for Couples Sex Pleasure. 111. 600+ bought in past month. $1999 ($19.99/Count) List: $21.99. FREE delivery Thu, Apr 25 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon.
3. Bondage. Yes, bondage can be as complex as intricately woven rope systems that suspend people in the air, but it doesn’t have to be. “Bondage is about temporarily controlling or limiting another’s movement for fun,” Midori said. “You don’t need expensive equipment or know (how to tie) complicated knots for this.. Moviesand porn
Porn 4 Ladies Tumblr – Best Free Sex Videos For Women. Great video clip selection; 100% free; Porn 4 Ladies is a collection of clips gathered from a number of sources all around the internet ...Impact play is when an object makes contact with the body for sexual arousal purposes, such as through spanking, flogging, or slapping. Here's how to do it safely with a partner through the use of ... Sexual desire and sexual activity have been declining in Japan as other developed countries for years, and this is a cause of Japan's decreasing birth rate. Because Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world and its population is on course to shrink dramatically by the middle of the century, every five years the government carries out ... Research suggests that a substantial minority of women and men fantasize about or engage in BDSM. BDSM activities may involve physical restriction, administration of pain, and sexual behavior ...Here are some resources I recommend: DOM SUB 101 teaches you essential basic and advanced BDSM concepts, such as DomSpeak, power exchange, finding a partner, poly jealousy, primal play, contracts, worksheets and so on.. Submissive Journal: 365 Daily Journal Prompts will help you develop your emotional awareness, build your kinky …BDSM players are as sexually and emotionally healthy as the general population. Italian researchers recently surveyed the sexuality of 266 Italian men and women who enjoy bondage, discipline, and ...In bondage, discipline, and sado-masochism (BDSM), dominant players (doms, tops) may inflict pain—in kink parlance, “intense sensation”—on submissive participants (subs, …Shibari, a form of bondage, is a beginner-friendly kink that allows you to explore your creativity and attitude with minimal risk and a low budget. In this guide, we’ll cover the essentials of Shibari for beginners, helping you embark on this exciting journey. Ropes. Ropes are central to the art of Shibari. While natural fiber ropes like jute are commonly …Taboo/forbidden sex. These fantasies involved voyeurism, exhibitionism, fetishes, and incest. Voyeurism, watching people have sex without their knowledge, was the most …While it might not be very sexy to think about bondage in this context, doing so explains a lot about why people enjoy the sensations of restraint and encasement. Floating in the cushion of ...THE “DRUNK COAT”. The drunkard’s cloak is nothing more or less than an enormous barrel in which unfaithful women were forced to settle there. A hole allowed the head to pass, and two other cavities were intended for the arms. Then the culprit had to parade in the city to show that she was not trustworthy.12 reasons why doggy style is the best sexual position there is Female fantasies, especially, are often kept private and even now, when people are increasingly more open about sex, some are ...This item: Bedroom Bondage Restraint Kit. $7692 ($76.92/count) +. Neck to Wrist Restraints kit, Sexy Slave Frisky Beginner Behind Back Handcuffs Collar, Adjustable Bondage Set, Couple SM Sex Game Tool (Black) $1990 ($19.90/count) Total Price: Add both to Cart. These items are dispatched from and sold by different sellers.“Sex furniture can be helpful for bondage, better positioning, comfort, control of penetration depth, and different sensations during sexual encounters,” says Nikkita Grady, a sex educator and ...Aug 21, 2023 · The Lounging Lioness. If you can steal a private moment on the deck chair, the Lounging Lioness is a super-hot position to try. The receiving partner lies on top with their legs closed, providing ... Bondage Vacuum & Inflation. Suspension. Body Slings & Harnesses. BodyBags & StraitJackets. Bars & Accessories. Suspension Boards. Products search. Wish List; Select Page. Home / DUNGEON FURNITURE DUNGEON FURNITURE. Showing 1–12 of 48 results. Enfettered BONDAGE Frame FREESTANDING £ 1,450.00. Enfettered BRIDGE …Such sex restraints are often employed in bondage sex play, kinkster play, and BDMS. Sex restraints are the acts by which a dominating role player prohibits a submissive or …You may know these particular kinks under a different name: fetishes. Sexual fetishism is arousal caused by nonliving objects. Fetishes can include just about anything, from garters, leather jackets, vibrators, a cherry on the pie, sex toys, cakes, sand and water, to the taste and smell of different items.Impact play is when an object makes contact with the body for sexual arousal purposes, such as through spanking, flogging, or slapping. Here's how to do it safely with a partner through the use of ....